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Difference theory
In sociolinguistics, difference theory is a theory in the area of language and gender which examines the effect that gender has on language use. A main proponent of the theory is sociolinguist Deborah Tannen, whose work, especially her 1990 book ''You Just Don't Understand'', is often cited in the discussion of the theory and is considered to be the main reason for its popularisation. Difference theory is often compared to the earlier theories of deficit and dominance theory, and like these theories has been subject to a number of criticisms.
==Theory==
Difference theory has roots in the studies of John Gumperz, who examined the differences in cross-cultural communication. While difference theory deals with cross-gender communication, the male and female genders are often presented as being two separate cultures, hence the relevance of Gumperz's studies. In her development on the difference theory Deborah Tannen in particular drew on the work of Daniel Maltz and Ruth Borker and their 1982 paper ''A Cultural Approach to Male-Female Miscommunication'', which itself drew on the work of Gumperz.〔Sunderland, ''Language and Gender: An advanced resource book', p. 18-19〕 Mary Talbot makes reference to the term "gender-specific culture" in her critique of the difference theory,〔Talbot, ''Language and Gender'', p. 131〕 and this idea of genders being culturally separated is embodied by the 1992 publication ''Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus''.〔Kelley, ''Communication between Men and Women in the Context of the Christian Community''〕 Difference theory is often compared with dominance theory and deficit theory, and together with the more contemporary dynamic theory they make up four of the theories most widely referred to and compared in the study of language and gender.〔Talbot, ''Language and Gender'', p. 130-133〕〔Coates, ''Women, Men and Language'', p. 12-13〕
The reason for the popularity of Tannen's book ''You Just Don't Understand'', and the resultant popularisation of difference theory,〔Talbot, ''Language and Gender'', p. 16〕〔Talbot, ''Language and Gender'', p. 98〕 is generally attributed to the style of Tannen's work, in which she adopts a neutral position on difference in genderlect, making no value-judgements about use of language by either gender. Talbot comments that this means the book provides explanation for domestic disputes without "pointing the finger" at anyone.〔Talbot, ''Language and Gender'', p. 139〕
Difference theory as postulated by Tannen is generally summarised into six categories, each of which pairs a contrasting use of language by males and females.〔〔Moore, ''Deborah Tannen and difference''〕
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